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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old+ e, M- o7 ^) V2 O2 I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 F5 @7 q6 \0 G3 n
Exposure to Testosterone5 \: ` x2 ?- f
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 L9 a$ W6 S: a7 ^9 J% nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ T- I! H9 ` }) R. s
Clinical Pediatrics. ^& [' \- k. C
Volume 46 Number 6# D1 Q( o$ ?' `" r! C
July 2007 540-5434 g9 ~5 n6 S7 i( ]" x+ \" W
© 2007 Sage Publications
3 m2 m$ V0 o7 g10.1177/00099228062966515 ^& f x9 R _3 u2 [6 m
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 Z8 }8 g- l+ Uhosted at: `0 [3 O/ [! i1 q8 b* A5 T9 Q; W
http://online.sagepub.com# Y, A0 J9 ^7 Y6 s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
\4 A, \- E. ?/ V( I/ Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 R) i: ~9 I' `+ R K ^- l$ y0 Eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. {) b" \ g; Z ^% w2 `
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; u+ j" z7 _! ~0 d: D, q; \a higher incidence of organic central nervous system( k( J8 n$ |; p+ b! e$ ^
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ B6 ?. _) b v
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" I1 W# Q2 d, o9 E0 ], a
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) g, _; h/ Q; l/ e; S. U# C
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
' v8 r- Q# y2 nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 w, x# |8 t* H; T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 a( A8 x7 H, l% a
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due8 b7 L) q: s1 t, X: E* S$ ?; W0 j
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by3 S1 r7 p+ C( X Z# B& |0 ~
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 Y& o4 R% l. Z3 C8 W
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 \/ E7 c! P0 j/ A! v0 b! N% q8 V" I
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
s' i) L% q9 l% \# Ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
% u% o) w4 n+ N: Q5 rbly more common than the rare case report in the$ A) \8 k Y/ w$ k& {/ e
literature.4$ T( g4 w4 J U# U6 q
Patient Report3 o& W( S: z3 ^" L }& B6 O3 ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ @1 q& I3 n' N% Q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. S' j2 h6 A7 m9 e' K; m0 o* Wof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 X$ g9 I; }" } B' b: F9 elight colored pubic hair development when he was7 O* \: u {1 k
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 @3 ?3 ]2 n% n5 |* m- z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 V, a2 M5 V( B7 nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% C) X5 O+ k( x( k6 F7 j N
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ s( ~7 _' _- t" @- c. {0 L6 hMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" p y: Y, d* F
e-mail: [email protected].
+ l+ p# a4 V' h# U7 Z( Zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' ~ m& m% |: i# W, o, D/ ldarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
! E8 ^, q$ {* f4 X1 b+ _ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
6 ], m/ |5 [1 U( B) ]" c) A4 Hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: a8 r/ z5 q' v* T- p) {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
! k5 d/ Q! n! a0 C% e) N7 Q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 J' y5 `# t& d- P) O1 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& t- H% h* M/ |- Q3 H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" F6 g2 g ~3 J7 Q9 _$ p6 |and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 c. ?2 b: {* |was age appropriate.* }. x( f) N9 X' M, R% d2 k
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ ?. z+ i: P* p$ ^* Y) D- Swho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 V- @9 o. E- |& P% B3 [% J8 G
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 I# ?- y, e& r; E; k% M
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 T* n" U- H9 o2 V& {! |. ]2 I. H6 ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 L9 G/ X9 K3 n+ [) {5 g
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 d$ F) s6 h- j }6 Z9 \9 B. N% J
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# `8 m" A9 [+ C" u$ n4 g7 E# z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! x3 `, X9 q6 n( q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-0 S6 k& a9 `/ B; T0 ?) x) A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 A6 t# [, Y' B- G& j
tives. There were no siblings.! U, `% C2 W* O& f9 [1 t6 C
Physical Examination7 u6 p2 [. L1 G& m; X
The physical examination revealed a very active,* |+ n8 W: K* I' `
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) J ^! i2 n0 ]# v9 p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( ^6 k+ C1 u* I) w90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% F) P) @1 A% U7 }, ^
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 T& C6 W+ [" e# @" u2 w# mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ g8 h) x) p* M' x& Athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 m; L! S" q2 Y0 R
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# V% B1 o v4 @( X
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: B6 X. o3 I0 n! E# q4 a0 g: A8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( Z1 M9 ^ \; _5 ?; wdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, c! S5 H' A) O2 ]8 m6 Q' ^
5409 O* |! c0 i2 o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. `, c# P: Z0 W3 Ythe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& h- Y, x* p! I% u# s5 I# i5 O
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 [! \, l1 R7 y$ MThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- O# q$ [2 H4 a/ ^6 c0 woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no/ ~6 j; M* Q5 t" _8 V- v9 d
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- k' n3 q$ i4 Y; S; WNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- |! D2 h6 M* u) Y7 jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 N% ]- Q$ s' x, W) w6 I
of papilledema.4 e0 H; e+ h& ?9 v0 t6 m. J
Laboratory Evaluation
9 @, O% p- ~7 @) E- rThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 K3 z8 Q* G' b# J0 c8 `8 w/ Jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ i4 d& r2 w R) a
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal" \+ K( R" X# X1 z( J' `& S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test G4 I' ]) @( t6 V) \: M8 V! k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. G: K/ }) v/ r* Nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 f0 Y" T4 x6 G( U" \& D- V$ W" wThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 [2 X! N, |% @) X2 ?- R
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
W! O- G% U k! l; u7 C7 Twithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& c! r. U( h" P5 Lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, T" H+ Y$ e7 j
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ ^3 f% G. Y6 f9 V1 [2 h qng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' _4 _# j" _' e$ S* V" Wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 \% i5 c# c2 @5 k% u; tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! A0 U5 y# s, I$ _1 c2 \" _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* c. c- j% A* @7 C4 x7 b" X! ~was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% a/ h$ B6 [9 gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 M! ~: ^$ Y' ? Ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 H$ ~, ~9 m- K% Y2 I* land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, s3 W8 h" b5 M; l) ]/ w
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 v$ g% |* \7 P# u8 B$ H% ~0 zstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 {+ t/ [6 w/ Z& o0 @" C7 qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ w) c$ [( F8 `$ e(prepubertal).
8 P5 r) {" R6 D! _) H& K# S4 ^The parents were notified about the laboratory$ L! K' k0 f0 R; Q) x' T
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 V7 D; I# x U6 `4 A3 T/ u7 ]
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) r( ]3 P8 H% k7 z" L
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 Q7 U, ]% F5 C: W/ {2 g' S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; }$ W/ C: T0 Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, Y3 f! v# U" d. H$ A* `" EPhysical examination at this time revealed that the/ T( o; _7 u1 y. T
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ v8 E; x7 f& d1 r2 L: O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 x* a% c8 Z2 Funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) r0 L) S1 u7 ?) p, I/ h: a+ u
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) Y9 h6 D! _7 l# R; [$ W
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: p+ A+ r# M+ D1 d* |
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 D6 Y! I& E2 `
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% i: w( o4 B4 D4 |ing frequent erections.* |, j; |3 O$ o; q' o9 Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ N3 T( j# w& n& Sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) l; _% G2 j _) _. ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
: A8 W' o! v: g% LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- E, x S! `: a) u/ o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' k9 b8 ^1 q/ Cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" W' c# e* p& \% H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" Q8 k7 s' p) Y( O3 v% f) w
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; Z; Z S$ {+ I( y7 hscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 ^1 q1 o4 i; ysecondary to depression.
5 H' B" ]0 J5 k: A; z' J( z( YThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
! D+ k# o; S1 bThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his* f% R6 M) B" t) E
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- ]) m4 \' U. _2 I% M9 b5 F! ~nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ K+ T8 A$ b& g! v% H3 I* {The father also admitted that after the phone call,% P( w1 z; v& |1 c
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- J) }2 O+ C/ _* L/ F& l* |: Q4 jwas high, he then read the product information
" ?1 @# w% a0 b P6 K0 I! U9 I0 R$ {* Zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( a8 V" a% L- x* h$ R: [+ |) Yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: a% ]. L9 u5 E
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the _' q* G0 a# N, j* `* \
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ V- { U. U) I! z" H5 v0 kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: Z, C& T# T( e4 |/ |$ ]# A" ?$ ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 s* t* I: l2 _4 W! o, t8 |/ dlaboratory to obtain the test.
0 w0 z) M. ]1 b- b8 d* HDiscussion5 P G! X; u0 H) O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 ~/ T4 s1 \0 C# M# o% ?- Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% [3 } G- f, b- t' ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' b+ r, l5 v7 U& i$ P" `; c* Nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ `* m/ U6 ~( A- `; V# E( R* z( Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" h1 h5 ?$ f' V5 Q1 Z/ _mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
9 v0 W) C6 g; T6 f0 z7 [" w" X% Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 {- K1 H6 M Q9 Q" U; u! rresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ ~4 y }5 c* ?: _- B$ Aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, d0 E. h4 Q( W8 Q2 V2 c" msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 u ^4 r. `6 Z6 T2 Y7 o# xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; h1 I2 T7 C! u$ c# yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) E/ t! ^. V; b1 Qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 h# }( H5 C4 W6 I& ]: {
gonadotropins.1,3: R! L) e) J* X! E7 {# d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 C$ N" D+ m- o4 l4 A) D: c, q% |cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 ? p* P; |- J, x1 N# L# V7 ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 X4 y/ @) y4 _# Kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 U6 ~% Z" @/ bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: Y5 |- o; ?. R, M' lcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ ]% v& s K ^2 P3 z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 d, r% T) `* ]: @( @puberty in boys.3,4% Y/ i6 |' H/ b/ D j1 k% T, z* ?
The most common form of congenital adrenal
9 X P: [( R- r. y3 [/ F9 @" rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" B% j) \3 D ]* Y2 j O4 _The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 e6 |( y2 m. ]6 K7 z9 aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* ]5 K- n7 N+ }, T0 b% b, Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! z5 n# x8 W+ G! s9 U
excess.1,3
( b8 ] X# l+ L* H+ Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# ]. z4 |4 ~4 Q; a5 S. _
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! U5 l8 t3 B3 w* y' a7 [A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 b% X; q, A! bindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 }" ]% [ v8 C) c9 l" Kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a, {" t* @% n a. }
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, s4 F0 ~2 v+ |" Y0 {* h) X
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 m0 i6 u/ z3 l4 @% R l) ^. @, pincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ p: \' i- ]5 w T' S
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 t8 h' J3 D9 E4 Y% \* i# Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
$ W V& f# k, }9 c2 ]0 `; f( ~pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) }5 ~, v# A% n: M$ Preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 I6 ?; F9 V) @3 l% i9 B @, Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 {+ K9 m7 _0 e) Y1 r+ I
males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ N1 u0 y" I' [. R: l _ @+ dmay have similar precocious puberty.3# R* U7 |" Q% a
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" N: Y0 J# g& t0 m
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* e E3 u6 a. g ^" e4 Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
! a2 \4 @3 b; kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 w; r) o2 D0 N, ?5 y4 i2 ]& `0 Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally, g8 d: j/ W7 q+ k9 Q, h
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
2 R4 s, U- x3 t Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- y) R1 p5 M' q. j* p" w
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ W8 C9 q9 N5 z7 Q
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 g$ L4 c( K7 `9 zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. m- g$ c! t) {2 C6 J- c
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% ?# @5 J$ v1 @( ~7 Zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- m3 o# k5 S2 x, u M/ KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
( v8 p6 u9 o% g0 o9 Z0 _$ @suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- {% {0 f- q" u" H8 V
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-; v# D) e+ N+ T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 _: J5 ^" S2 m4 m6 C* l. bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) n& d# U8 T W0 [) mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 V: u+ } y2 Musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% ^% @1 {6 M1 t$ M6 y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 p* l( X& q4 I0 P. T( Q: Xcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 L5 v, t" ]4 \9 T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.# D; I+ c9 I4 d3 w: Y+ } c: e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) s$ O. F! h+ W) ^) f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
; F; T2 X4 j, M+ k& r4 Ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, C8 R0 N' ^: Q8 U" A5 T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# P( c3 @4 v/ Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- v. {+ u3 k# e3 u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& I3 ^: M" H7 S( G6 h$ jwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 t0 ?* W+ ~* Gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
. ~9 s' J& t' g6 o& ^terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 V/ w5 w& n4 n$ c( hactive in young children exposed to testosterone& K7 I, G* e; \, p; E) B& a
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 H k/ `' N8 a. Y( D+ Q9 sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* L5 X9 M+ M& v3 E& ~) X6 Z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in! K# y4 p/ m) p# G
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
: z; u# L. V+ V& T/ ]7 q: Gadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% ^5 V. _# p" r1 K
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during5 d/ G$ d* i2 n* D
early childhood on pubertal development and final1 }2 y R* R9 Q* l
adult height are not fully known and always remain3 Z7 b4 j+ h2 W
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( B$ @& g) V# u, X; \; s9 u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, l6 ?. @, j5 H3 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ H" Z! A$ A( b! R4 Q5 w! [# Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# [9 Z" T' ^2 ]" D' mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ _5 R" V/ Q" Z& x! S: _
There are conflicting reports and controversy
4 ^! y5 K; u, ?5 w' ^over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 h) w# i4 g2 n4 T
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 Q7 K7 F4 s* [9 t9 C6 f5 ~% uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ V$ @' O$ ?: p' Pulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
1 n m5 a9 | O% b' d6 m2 ZSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* s& U$ A3 A& ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ Q8 e' N1 M. D9 i: T! b
penile length in clinical studies.
- }/ ]7 N: A! G, H& QNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 l) K. w1 v$ W( tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
" |# @- `3 c4 Z- Dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 ~& o) I5 x5 ?/ J" L; t* ]the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ {, j+ M' C8 G+ SAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of# a# k9 ~2 [4 d- e k9 F2 P0 F5 B
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( X0 U& ^, F( B7 ?, _. B
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- I$ P6 y" i, v% e. Nheight will not be affected.
( W$ \3 V9 d. R i5 m9 O3 p' lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% A( ~/ V8 S& d5 ?ability of androgen products in our society may8 b$ M, K3 s- m8 [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- x/ p; L6 M+ |9 A7 k$ w! M
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 ? m# g, Z3 [6 r3 a/ v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 u& h5 q5 U/ h4 s7 y5 [8 Qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 C9 y! C. p) T# m+ t% j: sgel should be asked of the family members during
, T% G; c& Q- e, Z8 mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" i) A, c) g; N: ~
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. K' m5 i x& Znosis can be established by just a few tests and by' {8 E: w' N A; n& E2 @
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ ^2 A+ U' a: v9 J$ y/ g9 m. R4 i
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, p: `: ~! F2 N( E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; {8 l) b5 D: [$ H& d, C8 _
investigation. The primary care physician should be7 \% E+ \. y- m) e) C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 i1 P6 u9 n( y+ Fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
I4 x3 @% ~ Z o0 e3 F5 b! LDesk Reference and package insert should also put a) P4 h- H; r. }$ c
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; r6 N* {6 ], ]( `$ V6 U# e5 xfemale child who might come in contact with some-- |6 T/ a7 G1 f$ R8 [' `) k9 h0 u
one using any of these products.2 V5 ~; G q9 E! ~+ }4 O% F
References
1 `6 a( c3 [8 n8 F) k1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% X, Y* m0 l2 |! g6 J0 Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
P/ V* k, I1 c6 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* Q6 o, s( k3 M3 G8 _2002: 565-628.
: a, ], u8 s: C [" V2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 w* h& ]+ {8 i2 p3 |& L8 ~( R- q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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