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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 m* Y% K1 @" @1 j2 q/ ]" v( R9 b4 e
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical. @# v" @. u: K, K! Y1 M' M; W" V
Exposure to Testosterone! ~7 `2 {9 `9 E
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2 F0 Y; L5 L/ j$ g
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( B+ G1 E$ I5 v/ |! G
Clinical Pediatrics" E# D- O( w9 x
Volume 46 Number 6
; t. H$ H, F+ B8 z- b8 fJuly 2007 540-543! X0 U8 v( C& \, e7 ]+ R' A
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 y/ E$ k. S6 r, j) z% m5 ?5 A10.1177/0009922806296651) C7 V4 w( q" V) p
http://clp.sagepub.com
. G; z: ?3 U4 n# D* W! P7 Shosted at
: S/ `4 Z. q k1 v: F# E5 jhttp://online.sagepub.com
C! j6 Q: r( qPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,9 T( ~8 E+ n( V4 }0 m3 \
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 h! _* C' b! kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% u _ M% ^" X) ]' l9 O
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 A/ S- u0 C! i6 ?/ }* d# K% u# i# Ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 ~# J) ]: C8 g/ Z3 D' w5 \
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 L7 d" s- C4 _" J. Jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) ~" \1 x7 F2 ?1 u* f# ]hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-/ k6 O+ {& L, e$ z- p r
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 F" n" s, f4 q2 @3 R: xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, H; {- m1 y5 ?. I; G( d
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( v: k, P- @4 x7 q' Y( u7 h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ n. r! E7 } E* \# g- ]1 r/ e' y* Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* E$ u$ K# I% e; _5 [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-$ h! B5 a. R2 E& d8 A
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ F' B% A% h: H1 G5 H- h* x) i ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, K1 a8 x' q* L0 Ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 h4 J. K) D9 g, R
bly more common than the rare case report in the
( B* D0 u0 J _) o+ Oliterature.4
7 r9 M" @# K8 @* xPatient Report. p4 G7 l% [2 y/ t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 t, a; S( `8 y: I: R
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 t, l7 D6 J: T5 ]! i
of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 n9 u7 L% x. O; N! _2 L
light colored pubic hair development when he was' z0 c9 S/ z9 `" ?8 d% [: l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
K* r( G2 q" I3 Q& YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ ~% g9 N9 [/ l' D: C: }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( e0 R/ r1 g' @# X, c- m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# t% E8 e0 z/ S6 [6 j# D' hMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" e, V( O5 O3 se-mail: [email protected].% {+ G* p1 i$ {3 ]+ _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* i) E7 v/ Z& m9 ^
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ b. j' o* `) P- w4 Y$ X+ P: N+ |
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; M3 B8 ~- W$ T/ g0 n) S5 U) Swas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with3 o; k2 j/ C/ \1 b3 a" p8 b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 L+ Z9 a' P+ Y3 q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year& P, L- s, Q4 T' u# X" N
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 J" {9 X& w3 W, L
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* n% A' W% `1 f8 ^/ x2 ?and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 F/ S4 J6 v6 F: h6 S3 Rwas age appropriate.
- D8 v2 x2 y* ?: D$ r0 DThe family history was remarkable for the father,+ h* _6 N6 y7 x" a. E$ i
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16, t q& i" b/ ~8 _. C
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# d! C! h2 Y5 |8 ?3 {+ m
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! Y+ i5 U* `; A2 T* k; l: A/ {* @; K3 zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ P1 u2 c2 F: b' d
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- ^, F: l! C* t' _ |. {child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% D/ X4 ]# _! g: |( m$ U7 N- V
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ d" c& U; C) o/ a3 @. t( G, U
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
! T7 g: G# {5 w6 {2 f. fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 b; c, @ U8 H2 P0 J; Itives. There were no siblings.3 M2 W6 p4 t! Z# q1 t- [5 y
Physical Examination
- r; R0 L/ t5 R8 m7 ]The physical examination revealed a very active,
" I) t" Q/ D" `; hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 Q: @$ I% U0 s! v9 V* D, b( Ta blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ ?+ {) t1 l/ F' {! r* ]
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 p3 D n" T; h5 J6 ~( C, V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 ^, \4 |* R# f. Y# A6 H
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 @# M+ k- H$ D; t' p$ d
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ T. A4 I) t6 H4 k" |- k! j9 jThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for# ~7 f3 H- C- B+ ~; Q1 Y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 j+ w( ?3 E8 F) c: \ C8 N$ O/ `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 j3 @2 h! h6 M8 n& V r
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* D/ _1 s* N* x, O% Z, e& v
540
( R! E: H6 b0 f" Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ r% V8 |# O9 Z3 N: B% K- C1 S9 d! Gthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- `/ M- P, v3 ~
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.; ?2 o2 f4 e, h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. F0 E/ G+ i6 Y, T; C7 J9 _4 I9 M9 \4 }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 [6 Y* s4 V- N7 b$ J" s! a: w- r
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; U1 s) L2 s4 i" C, m! k. W+ xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& j" ^ t5 i0 s3 Y' X c8 Ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
6 G! [% \9 T8 l/ q" M4 I; p, Vof papilledema.
( U/ e" T* Q6 I" c8 E0 _Laboratory Evaluation
& K9 d( Q& }1 v% ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- m- t. g# `. T! E& ?* zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ @$ l4 J N# m9 n1 z2 b5 x) Vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( b$ ]: d2 u$ O- R# U, w; Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
* M* _% I. b ^7 ^4 _showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- Y# t: _7 D# m) C1 ~4 ]2 elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 J" d9 m H) H4 f) Q( x" t6 s3 kThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
5 w: }1 W5 _* j8 l+ N* |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" {' P/ R- I) Fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
: R7 W; @- f6 U6 F* \of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL- O/ F" O# q$ X' w
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* S' M- `9 t( x6 p+ f* U; Rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" ~3 M, W0 ^' W5 m: e& D/ R Y/ H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( d& U* v, {6 ^
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ K" A; B5 v; C0 P. D
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" u. Z( b" K: ?! c p, Bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 _ U* t& O$ q- K: M6 wtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ K- V+ T, ]6 S8 x, jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 C' u! w. v3 K% w! z8 W q8 }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) B" }. r5 }4 q/ f! l6 j4 X6 g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" M+ _4 W# `9 Z6 V. G" tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ C1 f* C2 G, k( e" n
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 |, n5 p4 X2 u
(prepubertal).) K' |" i0 c- q4 l
The parents were notified about the laboratory
5 x3 X+ ?% L$ R: @results and were informed that all of the tests were
' I: S$ [, a( Q: U' Nnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ g2 M# V( ?' z6 D7 x( D9 Pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" V/ Z6 s2 m3 T: X4 g2 Q. k1 Tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ [, b" H v' O, u
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 T3 |4 x' C" q+ j( K& D
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
# d0 t; ^* y0 dchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ p' L7 m' W* X. V+ u9 @( @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( R2 u) j4 }9 e$ U2 Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. c& P& J9 h- j6 N1 U$ T9 m3 m/ M
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' p9 r) Y/ a# l* v) h8 [" ]the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ \3 W. t1 V! [! A
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 n0 B9 ?7 C1 `/ O
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-3 T4 |! Z1 l/ ?# c
ing frequent erections.
! j4 x9 |3 x- n& RBoth parents were again questioned about use of8 p6 U2 s6 a: i/ c V6 h+ R; l
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to: Q. @4 H! G; b( q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
3 U$ j5 n# G9 M; S" N! ITopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# k6 Q7 ]3 h t* Wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 i6 q- ? ^7 x a' H2 \$ |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* @9 Z& ^1 E( |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 k9 j f( D7 i4 xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ F; N! }6 H" q2 p& o( r% \scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ j. `1 ~" Z0 tsecondary to depression.
. E/ ?5 [% A# s, s* W. E0 zThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
' Q2 q) e7 q4 ?% d" k* j( ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 O8 C$ D; M6 [. |8 J; Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 d C8 L) R, U4 \nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( T5 m0 Z0 {, t8 s+ RThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 w6 F7 y& r# d- S, O
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 m: q7 `' r, M6 e* o- l: wwas high, he then read the product information( m# N* {0 {1 }0 h) M
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 B9 t# F6 S" i3 P: H
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# h0 ^9 { N, z9 jdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' D3 ?$ H5 h! I' u y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- K) O* u7 G9 _: X* v) T* u
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* g V' j. L; d9 K- e/ @& n
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, P' I3 a1 ~: K8 |7 c
laboratory to obtain the test.$ K- b' @( B k \0 o* J
Discussion
0 H4 R, l" @# Z( L+ W, F8 \+ g& \Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 x( w; g9 C6 w
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,45 e5 G, X- d) z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 M" ]+ |) ~9 g7 [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ g: t8 m0 C, W1 b; m+ Hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' L* P- Z" Y/ a1 i1 F/ S- H( F
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP. U3 p6 [7 m8 M6 [6 t. s `
may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 F t0 ^8 K- j; E8 r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( X- n, r! s8 l7 ]: ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% I& A: x$ Q& b% g& @" J) Hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' O5 {& w7 q+ E- q7 x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- D' y% K7 |+ q- @/ m* g) s( dization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 I, b( ^/ U8 m) z4 s! ~( s
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ E' O5 u5 @1 t0 Rgonadotropins.1,3; o; Y- `& q2 p' S, B- z' k
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! w! n6 o& w0 m9 z# l' }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
Q4 {; K+ S- z' E9 _6 Handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 D8 `# {" r# }4 a) @, w- lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- c; y/ P* w5 J
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing( l7 B8 y/ T1 i3 ?; Z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ j" _3 L6 w* H+ oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 m0 ^' m( z+ [% gpuberty in boys.3,4
- `0 g6 z) U9 E. _7 \9 dThe most common form of congenital adrenal
) q# M8 q" V' F; yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 Y0 Q' n5 d/ }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# L: e) @: z) ] _4 Q+ q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; |3 V& Z, p' {, K6 man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen V2 Q5 H, L, Z
excess.1,38 a- X* \6 f9 a6 H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" w6 D/ @( E. [: H542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 w, v3 e) K7 v0 _5 K
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 s; X8 k! ^3 f6 s& ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# _7 l5 o3 l- P S( B9 e$ q/ Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 Z) E* \7 Z$ k: W' k* [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
* j* X* B K9 Nwith this disorder are full pubertal development,6 d/ ]4 I/ s) u$ z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 L, {7 s/ z+ Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; \' o4 w9 z3 V0 b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ L, Q: `$ y& Y8 ~. \: V
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 }# d/ c$ b. T K0 W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# T! R n' k# K7 D+ ]. C' d/ e! J0 _
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, q; g w, [, a) c; {males; therefore, other male members of the family
) A: I* F( ~1 Ymay have similar precocious puberty.32 D; g r% T1 N k: v& k4 `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' x m3 a1 i5 k3 [# p! R8 G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% Y- r. [# N0 `1 a: j* m9 I2 lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ s+ U! C$ ~. i' }; J' T- twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 v& q/ I6 u3 Q! y( X3 j( wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% J5 A" ]( s5 [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- n2 u/ v) \' M( C2 M, W- q" p B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ p Q- F/ O9 c' C, c
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 ]/ r, g( j. H4 C' b9 Y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 R" k% p. v1 c' r( ^
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
J$ ^2 B# j( S/ Udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 c3 W) P# [( I: T3 X7 K4 s' Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.' b+ p0 i3 @6 L- O, |7 S/ \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 L( Q" _ S. @& @suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 ^7 n: H/ ^$ M6 P' ~3 y, A
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ A n' g& Q* bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ `& ]4 _6 ?: Y/ K0 Y: p
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. r4 j" b$ _7 L) _( J Z% K6 }% f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! } I ~8 ?* M+ Y) s7 T1 ?" L: K
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" q$ Y/ H: c, \. _Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 M, w$ j( a4 h) p' A: Ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 C( }& ?+ }7 L/ M$ }& yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 R' {( T6 {% YSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 [" E1 E \, k# h" I! @; O
baseline value in those females who were exposed to( L) ^: z, @$ x- S- l# z9 h
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" H6 A. Z( A- u* m8 {3 p, U
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-# a* b. ^8 ~- d' ~" G& ?. x! a5 {+ o& E K
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 Y7 k5 [/ o3 ]$ pOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& s. m# @- o f) ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 H! k9 c" \& Udermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: J3 k6 p5 T a
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more [* c i, G0 W* V) l% r
active in young children exposed to testosterone! I: z M' f0 T) ]
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 w t3 ~0 L, M+ a! S5 I
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 q2 k- |6 a2 c9 ?4 b/ m! B# r x6 ^virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% h4 J- X" b1 o4 e$ ?9 jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 \+ |4 o& @$ @1 x; P
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 E0 w+ m% F3 |( B, Q; s8 h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 M ^$ t" n$ L* {
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% |# ?: D/ w# b. L( B& Ladult height are not fully known and always remain
6 e; L' d3 D0 _& Xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" k3 M, j0 M0 L. K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, w7 K; A* [: K4 n
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' y. t/ H" o) m& J
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 r( o4 W% x2 l3 H/ [; t" Jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 o' T, {/ F! e9 J$ M C
There are conflicting reports and controversy
: s5 j+ `; H+ K9 }over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ M3 U) B" j9 m& z; hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 ], E8 S9 V gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 M1 \) f" D1 f" z2 M
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, j9 v9 r2 f5 b3 X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* R/ J: y; A( Fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult F. x& e( w! L4 {. h/ l
penile length in clinical studies.
) j" ~0 m; q: VNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 F! n4 k/ p u3 A* u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( l' C' N4 K; d* `6 Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! z; e+ N( U4 l$ ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 [' U8 b5 J' }8 FAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of$ {# l2 L. C8 R$ f: x+ [( p9 O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; ~; u3 c6 X* W1 i# E( U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ s l3 ?( h6 B! d( \
height will not be affected.
! _6 u# a* d5 Y& k; y3 g2 k( mAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& M- `/ r2 D! x: B: B. Kability of androgen products in our society may
5 k* t' |' q! t; C% o* A& ~indeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 d/ |% G9 `) x7 N2 X( {/ o. ]children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" z* b! n: d# [; R$ Q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 ?9 t9 b' d: x7 t4 [
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 m; h+ B3 X+ U# J/ U7 Ogel should be asked of the family members during
" P" T- N, v6 L dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
4 |8 h7 |4 B2 o% s+ Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. [$ J1 F7 A7 ^' Q4 _# Pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by ~: B8 J2 Y* ?- G' a
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ U7 n% t4 w! m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 I, K$ Q! U$ `3 sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 N: G0 z6 O. `( A b- C
investigation. The primary care physician should be
S5 x( M# n. h8 f+ Yaware of this fact, because most of these children- F2 k6 h) M/ `# Y9 N
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# C% a" L% C( R7 K2 c' |2 w. ]' CDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, [2 R$ I8 F, S9 T' Owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or3 U, g7 u/ u$ U8 J# u3 P2 Y
female child who might come in contact with some-
, i9 M! @$ b/ g2 X4 l9 [) _. tone using any of these products.
5 b! {" H8 z3 Y- Z# Z# ?References
; N0 r9 Y6 T- w9 m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 H i6 u# r% uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# G. r- N" b% g8 v+ D; d# W2 e! R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
. x4 g) B( `/ @2 W7 ^! p: t2002: 565-628.6 Q$ h# r( D. h2 R
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 {- r B& v5 D2 }; |' v* ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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